Financial position of jetblue airways corporation - Free Essay Example

Executive summary In this report, the financial position of JetBlue Airways Corporation, a low-fare, low-cost passenger Airline Company serving the US market, is studied in order to provide recommendations to the company with regards to its investments plans. By the year 2003, the company is intending to support its growth through the acquisition of several new aircraft over the coming 13 years. The company will thus need a high capital expenditure to support those acquisitions, as well as several related investments. For the purpose of this study, a SWOT analysis of JetBlue as by its position in June 2003 is performed. A background research is conducted in order to assess how other airline companies are financing their aircraft acquisitions and other investments, and in a broader aspect, study the specificities of their financial structures. The different financing alternatives available to the company are presented and studied in relation to the financial position of the company. A non-financial analysis of the debt and equity options is conducted, in order to assess the relevance of each of those options with regards to all areas of the business other than finance. The outcomes of those analyses are combined and a recommendation is issued to the Chief Financial Officer of JetBlue: It is recommended that the company issues common stock in order to finance the needed investments in the second half of 2003. In a longer-term perspective, it is recommended to the company to use leases an d secured debt for the upcoming aircraft acquisitions when favorable terms are available to the company, and to finance the remaining parts of the investments through cash generated from operations and through issuance of new equity, in order to compensate for the increasing financial and operational risks of the company. Problem Definition JetBlue Airways Corporation is a low-fare, low-cost passenger airline company serving the US market. The company completed an IPO in April 2002, around two years after it was founded. JetBlue has had a successful business model and strong financial results during that period, and performed well in comparison to other airline companies in the US during the period between 2000 and 2003. The company, as by July 2003, is seeing several opportunities to grow by adding new markets and new flights to existing destinations. To accomplish this growth, the company is seeking to purchase 65 new Airbus A320, with an option to buy additional 50 ones, and also committed to purchase 100 Embraer E190 aircraft, with the option to purchase 100 additional ones. The company needs thus to think about a way to finance those acquisitions, as well as other needed investments such as spare parts, new engines, additional hangars and a flight training center. John Owen, the Chief Financial Office r of JetBlue, is in charge of finding the best financing scheme for the company. The problem facing John Owen is twofold: First, he needs to finance the acquisitions planned for the second half of 2003. Indeed, for the period from July 1 to December 31, 2003, the company has committed to purchase 8 Airbus A320 aircraft, for a total amount of $305 million to be paid in 2003 (Exhibit 8). The company is generating cash from its operating activities that amounted to $129,725 thousand for the first half of 2003, and already generated $238,989 thousand from financing activities (Exhibit 6). This will cover for part of this capital expenditure estimated at $570 million for 2003 (Exhibit 9). So John Owen needs to finance the remaining part of this capital expenditure. Second, John Owen needs to think about a long-term financing strategy. Indeed, JetBlue is committed to the purchase of 207 additional aircraft for a total amount of $6.86 billion over 8 years. Owen has to think about the best capital structure for the company and thus the best financing strategy for JetBlues investments, including the aircraft acquisitions and the related investments. SWOT Analysis Strengths The first strength of JetBlue is its founding teams background. Indeed, the company was founded by a veteran in the low-fare airline industry, backed by a group of private equity firms. The management of the company has also the expertise of leading a publicly held company, following the IPO in 2002. The company has a successful business model and exhibits strong financial results, as well as strong revenue growth despite the downturn in the industry following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Thus, JetBlue is a perceived as a solid and growing company by the investors. The low operation costs of JetBlue are one of the most important strengths of the company. The company is utilizing aircraft efficiently generating more revenue per plane. The company is also operating one type of aircraft, the Airbus A320, thus lowering maintenance and training costs and spare parts needs. The workforce of JetBlue is non-unionized and does not benefit from strict work regulations. The distribution costs of JetBlue are also low. Indeed, the company does not provide any paper tickets. The company operates only new airplanes, thus minimizing maintenance costs and offering a good â€Å"flying experience† to its customers. The company also benefits from its reliable on-time performance, comfortable airplanes, and friendly flying personnel to attract and secure its customer base. The company serves densely populated cities in underserved airports, with high fares. This strategy helps the company capture market share in these segments. The company is financing its existing aircraft through secured debt and operating leases, on favorable terms. Those financing possibilities are still available for the company for additional aircraft purchase. Weaknesses A considerable weakness of JetBlue is its small size. The company is operating 42 aircraft, for 73 flights per day and annual revenues of $635 million. The company can probably not rely on its personnel loyalty, due to the non-advantageous working conditions and regulation. The company is operating only one type of airplane, the Airbus A320. This represents a weakness for the company as well. Indeed, the planes have the same age and might all suffer at the same time from an eventual recurrent technical problem on this type of aircraft, which should be catastrophic for the company. JetBlue does not have a line of credit, or short-term borrowing facility. Therefore, the company depends on its operating cash flow to finance its short-term and working capital obligations. The balance sheet of the company also needs to be strengthened. JetBlue also faces one of the airlines principal risks which is the rising fuel price. The company is spending a considerable amount of money in hedging for fuel prices volatility. In addition, as the company is relatively consuming low volumes of fuel, it can suffer from significantly higher prices in case of fuel shortage. JetBlue is a levered company. With a short-term debt of $26,580 thousand and a long-term debt of $731,740 thousand as by June 2003, and equity of $480,594 thousand, the companys leverage ratio is 157.8%, whereas the industry average is around 129.46% (Infinancials). Opportunities Internal The purchase of the new 100-seat Embraer E190 aircraft would allow JetBlue to enter smaller markets while maintaining low operating costs, and increase flight frequency on existing routes. The private placement of convertible debt proposed by JetBlues investment bankers would provide sufficient capital at relatively low interest rates. JetBlue is a fast growing company, and should thus bear having less debt. The company has thus the opportunity to raise additional equity. External The low fares offered by JetBlue would allow it to attract new passengers who might otherwise not fly. The mid-sized market that JetBlue intends to enter will represent a new opportunity for growth to the company. By expanding its activities, the company will purchase larger volumes of jet fuel and would thus have more leverage in procuring fuel than today. The company will thus suffer relatively less from fuel shortages. Threats Internal The company is intending to grow and become an airline company â€Å"like the others†. JetBlue might thus lose its advantages from being low-cost, small and highly profitable. The company is clearly departing from its strategy, which has been the source of its strengths up to 2003. JetBlue plans to purchase a new type of aircraft, the Embraer E190. This is again a departure from the companys initial strategy which is to operate only one type of aircraft. JetBlue might thus incur higher maintenance and training costs, higher spare parts and engines costs, and some negative impact on the maintenance scheduling. JetBlue plans to increase its aircraft fleet from 45 to 252. In addition, the company plans to invest in other domains such as spare parts, new engines, additional hangars and a flight training center. This represents a very big investment and thus a consequent threat for the company. Such an investment will let the company more exposed to financial distress and raises the question of the management ability to cope with such a rapid expansion. The company board members are very concerned about dilution. There is a threat that they will not support John Owen, the CFO, if he recommends to raise new equity capital. With the rapid expansion of the company, the jet fuel expenses, as well as the cost of their hedging will grow rapidly. The company will be more exposed to both the fuel price volatility and the growing cost of hedging it. As the company will get bigger, with higher manpower, those might want to be unionized. External The fuel price is also an external factor due to its non-predictable volatility. JetBlue plans to be the launch customer for the new Embraer E190 aircraft. Although this allowed probably the company to have a price discount, it is also a threat. JetBlue might be exposed to technical and/or non-technical problems that have been not detected by the manufacturer or other users of the jet. The reason for the company to go public was to wean off its dependence on the venture capital and private equity industries. Issuing private debt securities represent a threat for JetBlue as this might lock back the company to such private investors. In addition, those investors and the private investors in general might not be interested by the eventual convertible debenture issued by the company. JetBlue is a small client of Morgan Stanley, the investment bank in charge of proposing financing alternatives for the company. Morgan Stanley might thus charge heavily JetBlue, and/or try to bias the companys choice for its benefit. The competition from other low-cost and regular airline companies which might try to counter JetBlues expansion. The revenues of the company and its growth aspirations are subject to the economic conditions. An economic downturn or additional terrorist attacks might impact negatively JetBlues ability to finance its debt obligations. The company will also have to secure additional airport gates which will represent a threat for the company in case it cannot negotiate advantageous conditions as with underserved airports. The alternatives In order to finance the acquisitions planned for the remaining part of 2003, JetBlue received two financial propositions from the investment banks. The first alternative is to issue additional 2.6 million shares at an estimated $42.50 per share. JetBlue will thus be able to raise up to $110.5 million. The fees and commissions of the bank for this proposal amount to $3,591,250 which represents a cost of 3.25%. The second proposal from the investment banks is to issue $150 million in a private placement of convertible debentures. The debentures will be a 30-year convertible debt with a coupon rate of 3.5%. In addition, the debt will be convertible into shares of JetBlue at $63.75 per share, which represents a conversion rate of 15.6863 shares per $1,000 principal amount of notes. The notes will be unsecured obligations and will rank equal in right of payment with all other unsecured debt. Currently, all of JetBlues debt is secured. The bank will not charge any additional fees for this alternative. JetBlue can consider some other alternatives as well. Indeed, the company can issue some preferred stock. This stock might be considered as equity in accounting, to strengthen the balance sheet of the company, but will at the same time accommodate the board members concern about dilution. This preferred stock option might however fail to attract investors. Another alternative might be the issuance of simple corporate bonds. The coupon rate for those will however be higher than the 3.5% of the convertible bonds. This option will thus cost more for JetBlue than convertible bonds, especially before the companys shares price eventually exceeds $63.75. Issuing public corporate bonds will have higher cost for the company as well. Indeed, those need to be ranked by some ranking agencies and will have higher coupon rates (Exhibit 12). Two other alternatives exist for JetBlue, for the aircraft acquisitions financing: The operating lease and the secured debt (each acquisition debt is secured by the acquired aircraft). Those two options are available for JetBlue at advantageous conditions. Thus, the alternatives that will be retained for the remaining of the analysis are the operating lease and secured debt for the aircraft acquisitions, and the equity issuance and the convertible private bonds for the acquisitions and the other investments. Background Research Some background research has been performed in order to assess how other airline companies are financing their aircraft acquisitions and other investments, and in a broader aspect, study the specificities of their financial structures. This study included some regular as well as low-cost airline companies. British airway, for example, is financing its aircraft acquisitions through debt, all of which being asset related. The group is principally using finance leases and hire purchases contracts to acquire aircraft (British Airways Annual Report 2010, p.104). Delta Airlines, on its side, is using pass-through certificates to finance aircraft (Delta Airlines Annual Report 2010, p.34). In addition, the company has $5.2 billion of loans secured by 287 aircraft (Delta Airlines Annual Report 2010, p.72). United Continental Holdings has a high amount of obligations, including debt, aircraft leases and financings (United Continental Holdings Annual Report 2010, p.53). A substantial portion of the companys assets, principally aircraft, are pledged under various loans and other obligations. The company also uses secured notes, equipment notes, pass-through certificates and multiple financings secured by certain aircraft spare parts, aircraft and spare engines (United Continental Holdings Annual Report 2010, p.55). United Continental Holdings also raises cash from issuance of common stock (United Continental Holdings Annual Report 2010, p.56). The low-cost airline companies seem to be, on their side, more conservative. Indeed, EasyJet is adopting a conservative capital structure policy, including a liquidity target of  £4 million cash per aircraft, and a 50% limit on net gearing (EasyJet Annual Report 2010, p.9). All of the companys debt is asset related (EasyJet Annual Report 2010, p.85). The company holds 62 aircraft under operating leases and 8 aircraft under finance leases, out of 196 total aircraft, principally Airbus (EasyJet Annual Report 2010, p. 87). RyanAir, another low-cost airline company, has a fleet of 232 Boing 737-800s. The company makes its firm-order purchases through a combination of bank loans, operating and finance leases and cash flow generated from the companys operations (RyanAir Annual Report 2010, p.42). Both RyanAir and EasyJet exhibit a capital structure that relies less on debt than the regular companies counterparts, as illustrated by the following table: (2010), In Millions BritishAirways Delta Airlines United Continental Holdings EasyJet RyanAir JetBlue LT debt 3698 13179 11434 1084,6 2690,7 731,740 ST debt 811 2073 2411 127,4 265,5 26,580 Equity 1494 897 1727 1500,7 2848,6 480,594 Capital structure Debt / Equity+Debt 75,11% 94,45% 88,91% 44,68% 50,93% 61,21% Equity / Equity+Debt 24,89% 5,55% 11,09% 55,32% 49,07% 38,79% It is important to mention that some small airline companies choose to issue bonds for their investments as well. SpiceJet, an Indian airline company operating to Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Goa and Delhi issued in 2005 foreign currency convertible bonds worth $90 million to fund aircraft acquisitions (IndiaAviation, 2005). All in all, airline companies are using both debt and equity (together with other financing means, including cash flows generated from operations) to raise money. In its ‘Airlines return to capital markets article, David Knibb (2009) summarizes the ways several companies found financings: Lufthansa, Air-France KLM, British Airways, Air Canada, Australias Virgin Blue, Avianca and Indian carrier Kingfisher all issued bonds during 2009. AMR used private lenders to borrow money. Some other companies, smaller, chose to issue shares: SAS, Virgin Blue, AirAsia, Kingfisher, and Icelandair. From this study, it appears that the majority of airl ine companies are financing their aircraft acquisitions, apart from using cash flow generated by operations, through debt, either leases or secured debt. Other investment needs are financed either through debt or equity, depending on the companies. However, a common trend to low-cost companies seems to be their conservative financial structures, in comparison to bigger, regular airline companies. Financial Analysis of the Alternatives As per June 2003, JetBlue Corporation has a short-term debt of $26,580 thousand, a long-term debt of $731,740 thousand and equity of total $480,594 thousand (Exhibit 5a). In order to compute an average interest rate for the company, data from 2002 are used: The interest expenses for this year equaled $10,370 thousand (exhibit 4), for a total long-term debt of $690,252 thousand (Exhibit 5a), thus an interest rate of 1,5%. The tax expenses as per June 2003 are of $40,188 thousand for a total earnings before tax of $95,503 thousand (exhibit 4), thus a corporate tax rate of 0.42. From exhibit 1, the JetBlues equity beta during the period from April 2002 to June 2003 is 0.69. As per the data from Exhibit 5a for June 2003, the financial structure of the company was as follows: LT debt 731,740 ST debt 26,580 Equity 480,594 Capital structure Debt / Equity+Debt 61,21% Equity / Equity+Debt 38,79% From the Hamadas formula, we can compute the unlevered beta of JetBlue as follows: Beta(u)=Beta(l)/[1+(1-T)*(Wd/We)] With Beta(l)=0.69, T=0.42, Wd=61.21 and We=38.79 Thus Beta(u)=0.36 In addition, from exhibit 12, the Treasury bill interest rate as of June 30, 2003 is 1.09%, this will be used as the risk-free rate of return. Assuming a market rate of return 9 points higher than the risk-free return, we can use the WACC spreadsheet in order to estimate the financial structure of JetBlue that minimizes the WACC of the company: Appendix 1. It turns out that the company has an optimal financial structure, minimizing its weighted average cost of capital, following those estimated figures. Any of the two options, either the convertible debt or the equity, will probably pull the financial structure from its current optimal position. For the first alternative, the convertible debenture, the coupon rate of this bond is 3.5%, for a total amount of $150,000 thousand. The weighted average cost of debt for JetBlue, if they issue such bonds, will be: [(3.5%*150,000)+(1.5%*731,740)]/(150,00 0+731,740), thus 1.84%. The financial structure of JetBlue will be as follows: LT debt 881,740 =731,740+150,000 ST debt 26,580 Equity 480,594 Capital structure Debt / Equity+Debt 65,40% Equity / Equity+Debt 34,60% Using the WACC spreadsheet, we can see the companys financial position with regards to the optimal financial structure of JetBlue following the new cost of debt: Appendix2. If JetBlue chooses the debt option, the financial structure of the company will no more be the one offering the minimal WACC. The same analysis can be done for the second alternative. Following the shares issuance, the financial structure of JetBlue will be as follows: LT debt 731,740 ST debt 26,580 Equity 591,094 =480,594+110,500 Capital structure Debt / Equity+Debt 56,20% Equity / Equity+Debt 43,80% Using the WACC spreadsheet, we can see the companys financial position with regards to the optimal financial structure of JetBlue following the raise in equity: Appendix3. From this analysis, it can be noted that JetBlue will still have a financial position that minimizes the companys weighted average cost of capital, thus maximizing the overall value of the companys stock. It can be concluded, from a financial point of view, that the best alternative for the investments planned for 2003 is the equity issuance. Non-Financial Analysis JetBlues passenger revenues knew a steady growth from 2000 ($101,665 thousand) to 2002 ($615,171 thousand). The revenues are forecasted to continue to grow up to a level of $1,796.9 million in 2005 (Exhibit 9). This revenue stability and expected high growth provide a strong confidence to JetBlue in its ability to meet its financial obligations, thus having the opportunity to issue either debt or equity. The companys assets amount to $1,565,322 thousand as per June 2003. Those assets are principally composed by operating property and equipment, which are pledged under the operating leases and secured debt of the company. If JetBlue chooses to finance its future aircraft acquisitions by debt, the acquired aircraft can be used to secure the corresponding debt. JetBlue, as any airline company, incurs very high fixed costs due to its high value operating property and equipment. The company has thus a very high operating leverage and is greatly exposed to the risk of cash flow pro jections errors in case it does not meet the projected revenues figures. Any variation in the estimated revenues, might lead the company to a position where it could not meet its financial obligations related to debt. From this point of view, JetBlue needs to secure its cash flows. As stated earlier, the company revenues knew a high growth for the precedent years and are expected to continue growing steadily. This high level of growth allows the company to rely on equity. JetBlue is a profitable company, in comparison to peers, as stated in the following graph: Industry FORMULAE 2002 Average 2010* PROFITABILITY Gross margin % Gross margin / Revenues 13,81% Operating Margin Operating income / Revenues 17,07% Return on sales Net income / Revenues 8,93% 2.28% ROA Net income / Assets 3,98% 1.48% ROE Net income / Equity 13,24% 6.08% Revenues 615171,000 COS or Cost of revenues 530204,000 Gross margin 84967,000 Operating income or profit 104987,000 net income or profit 54908,000 assets 1378923,000 Equity 414673,000 From Infinancials JetBlue exhibits good levels of gross margin and operating margin. Furthermore, the companys return on sales, return on assets and return on equity are higher than industry averages and the company can be said to be quite profitable in comparison to company peers. This offers some flexibility to the company to rely on debt. JetBlue has a high level of tax rate (0.42), this allows the company to have an even lower cost of debt and offers the company the advantage of being able to rely more on debt in order to minimize its weighted average cost of capital. All of the companys debt is secured. In addition, the company does not have any line of credit, or short-term borrowing facility. The company does therefore not have any control restrictions or obligations towards its creditors. The shareholders of the company are on their side very concerned about any dilution. This fear of losing the control of the company limits the possibility of the CFO to issue new equity. Th e founding and managerial team of JetBlue is issued from the airline industry. They are used to manage a highly leveraged and public company. They should thus have a positive attitude towards high levels of debt. They should be able to deal with the opposite aspect (issuing more equity) as well. JetBlue does not need any rating agency for the issuance of the bonds, as those are private. The alternative of issuing public bonds has been eliminated as this one will incur higher costs for the company. The lenders of the company seem on their side to have a positive attitude towards the company, which should be able to issue additional secured debt for its aircraft acquisitions with advantageous conditions. The company has been performing well in the recent years. However, many major US air carriers struggled between 2000 and 2003, and some of them filed for bankruptcy protection. The market is impacted by a general economic slowdown caused partly by the terrorist attacks of Septem ber 11, 2001. The market is also subject to big variations depending on several unpredictable factors, like political stability, weather conditions, natural disasters, terrorist attacks etc. All of this calls for some financial conservatism for the airline industry. The internal stability of JetBlue will probably continue to hold, unless the company faces some financial distress, or if the shareholders are no more supporting the management team. From a short-term point of view, John Owen might lose the shareholders support if he goes for equity issuance. From a mid to long-term point of view, he might as well negatively impact the internal stability of the company if he is not conservative enough to avoid any financial distress situation. The debt offering will afford JetBlue less financial flexibility, especially due to the jet fuel prices. If fuel prices rise, this will incur less operating income and thus some difficulties to the company to meet its additional debt service payments. Owen has also to review his hedging strategy of the fuel prices volatility: If the company chooses to hedge more of its fuel consumption, it will incur much higher hedging costs. If on the contrary the company chooses to reduce hedging costs, it will be more exposed to financial distress when the prices increase. Conclusion: The best solution JetBlues market capitalization can be estimated at around $3.12 billion (74,423,693 * $41.98) as per June 30, 2003. The company is intending to grow heavily in the following years, and has plans to acquire 207 new aircraft for a total $6.86 billion up to 2011, with an option to acquire additional 150 aircraft for $5 billion by 2016. This rapid and costly expansion cannot be financed solely through cash flows from operations and common stock issuance. The best alternative for such acquisitions is the combination of leases and secured loans. Indeed, those financing means are common in the airline industry, are those which offer the lowest cost (JetBlue has favorable terms), the leases offer the flexibility to JetBlue to exit the contract in case of difficulties, and the debt does not represent a high risk for the company as it is secured by the aircraft. The companys management and shareholders will also be comfortable and supportive of such financing scheme. JetBlue migh t however not have favorable terms for all of those acquisitions. The company will need to invest in other domains as well, such as spare parts, new engines, additional hangars and a flight training center. For all of those other needed investments, the company can of course rely partly on its cash flows from operations. For the remaining part, and to provide the company with some financial flexibility (to finance its hedging costs and deal with any distress situation to meet its debt obligations), the company needs to issue new equity. Indeed, JetBlue is facing several risk factors with this growth strategy: There is first the increasing fuel prices risk, as the company is getting bigger and is consuming more and more jet fuel. Second, the company is departing from its initial strategy: new markets, bigger size, increasing risk of workforce disloyalty, new types of aircraft†¦ Third, there are the common market risks: political stability, weather conditions, natu ral disasters, terrorist attacks etc. JetBlue needs thus to compensate for those risks by being financially conservative. The company needs to protect itself from any financial distress situation by keeping a balance between debt and equity. In addition, and mainly because of its low beta, the company has the benefit of having a very â€Å"cheap† equity. My recommendation would be the following: For the capital expenditure needed in the remaining part of 2003, JetBlue should issue common stock. To support this option, John Owen can argue with the board that this option is the one that minimizes the companys weighted average cost of capital, thus maximizes the overall stock price of the company and the shareholders wealth. This option will also provide the company with more financial flexibility, allowing it to rely more easily and with favorable conditions on debt for its upcoming acquisitions. For the coming years, and for those upcoming acquisitions, JetBl ue should rely primarily on leases and secured debt. Those are the more favorable options for the company in all aspects. The company has however, each year, to support some of those acquisitions and the other needed investments, first with cash generated from operations, but with equity issuance as well. The company, for each year, needs to compensate its increasing level of debt by issuing new equity, first to maintain an optimal capital structure, and second to compensate for the companys financial and operating risks.

Unequal Childhoods - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 699 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Unequal Childhoods The way language is used by parents towards their children in both working and poor class homes is just one of the areas where author, Annette Lareau illustrates class inequality. The way children are taught to speak and use their language will further assist them in their future with their professional endeavors and how they act within society. Through the process of concerted cultivation found in upper middle class homes, parents expose their children to a wider range of vocabulary and promote negotiating and reasoning skills throughout conversation. Children are able to negotiate with their parents due to the use of extended language and the use of directives. Parents tend to explain why an action or reaction needs to take place and promotes conversation with verbal skills and summarization. Children are taught to ask questions, thus obtain the knowledge and confidence to challenge people of authority. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Unequal Childhoods" essay for you Create order Annette Lareau illustrates this process with Stacey Marshall who is directed by her mother to prepare a statement to why she does not intend to try out for the gymnastics team (pg. 174). Stacey Marshall while touring the YMCA proceeds to describe her gymnastics skills and her opinions on the length of the vaulting runway to the coach without interruption from her mother (pg. 176). Staceys mother encourages her to have opinions and treats her opinions with importance and weighs them into consideration when making choices about her extracurricular activities. Alexander Williamss parents engage in conversation to promote his verbal skills and his ability to summarize his ideas when asked how his day went (pg. 117). Alexanders mother also shows interest in to accommodation him and his opinions with certain home decisions such as what food preference will be served for dinner (pg. 117). Alexanders parents also use new language (i.e. medical and scientific terms) and discuss political issues into daily conversation to prepare Alexander for a range of life experiences. When compared with children who reside in working class, where the process of natural growth is favored, exposure to words and conversation is less. Children tend to not challenge or question adults and they learn more from directives. Wendy and Willie Driver are not observed disagreeing or questioning their mother when given directives. Unlike Stacey Marshalls parents, communication is used more as a tool other than an important dimension on their childs life. In the McAllister home, Ms. McAllister tends to be short with her conversations and does not seek the verbal feedback or opinions of her children. Ms. McAllister use of short directives (i.e. shower and go to bed) designates what needs to be done in the home. Protests are not highly observed in the McAllister household and the children quietly abide without comment. This is illustrated when Harolds sister is told to sit for over an hour to get her hair braided, and she quietly obeyed even though the task took over an hour to complete (pg. 147). This is also seen when Harold does not want to eat spinach and is loudly ordered by his mother to eat it without any explanation on why he has to (pg. 147). Throughout the book, Laurea illustrates an understanding of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds within the middle and working class families in an attempt to show the reader that inequality does still exist in our society. When we hear the phrase, American Dream, as a society tends to assume that it is easily accomplished if one works hard to proceed no matter what economic or social background a person is born into. Society at times often overlook that opportunity is not equivalent within society and gaps between racial wealth and social class are still seen today within American households. The statement, American Dream resting in the hands of individuals, I agree has some truth to it in regards to it due to many individuals have been able to overcome their hardships and succeed (i.e Houston Mayor, Sylvester Turner). But my perception of the American Dream, I feel as a Caucasian female was somewhat influenced on how I saw myself fitting into society. Where up to past current events, whites, mostly males, have been represented most of the political, economic and social class of America.

Virginia Shreves Character Traits - 1170 Words

Character Identification Virginia Shreves is the protagonist of this book. She has a body that is â€Å"larger-than-average† and lives by the so called Fat Girl Conduct. â€Å"Ginny† has a very low self esteem and doesn’t believe she is good enough for anything due to her being overweight. â€Å"Fat girls don’t get much action.† 1-[16] Virginia has a major crush on Froggy Welch the Fourth. She has the world’s most perfect family, she feels like the black sheep often. â€Å"Besides, it s a Shreves family policy to not talk about our dirty laundry—in public and usually not even in private. It s sort of like if you don t discuss it, it didn t happen.†2-[57] Anais Shreves is the sister of Virginia Shreves. Anais is beautiful and thin according to everyone†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I wanted to remind you that i’m planning to discuss your weight with the new doctor.† 5-[61]. Plot Summary Virginia Shreves, also known as â€Å"Ginny† is a self conscious sophomore who struggles with her weight. She has a love interest that she makes out with every monday, he is known as Froggy Welch the Fourth. â€Å"But Froggy and I don t score high on the communication front. Especially once we ve stuck our tongues into each other s mouths. I think it s because we re not boyfriend and girlfriend or even friends, for that matter.† 4-[9] She is so self conscious about her weight that she wears baggy clothing and never shows an ounce of skin. At first she didn’t know how to feel about Froggy, after all who could love the chubby girl who wears an extra large? Virginia’s mother, Dr. Phyllis Shreves is an adolescent psychologist; Phyllis has a problem with obsessing over Virginia’s weight. Virginia’s father is constantly complimenting the thin figures of woman which makes her feel unsatisfactory for not only herself but her whole family . â€Å"But I can t help wishing she d accept me the way I am. And I can t help wondering whether if I were thin, I d get invited to these fancy dinners as well.†6-[35]Virginia has a beautiful, thin older sister, otherwise known as Anais Shreves who is a rebellious individual.†It made sense at the time. But now it dawns on

Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc. free essay sample

A SWOT analysis of Krisy Kreme Doughnuts Inc.s marketing and business issues. SWOT strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats is a form of analysis to assist an individual or business to self-analyze and act accordingly. This paper uses a SWOT analysis to show the factors affecting Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc.s marketing strategy and business opportunities, such as product popularity, problems with expansion into foreign markets and local competition. Although its word of mouth marketing strategy has been successful thus far, Krispy Kreme might run into problems as it looks to expand into foreign markets. As a result, the company may need to take a different marketing approach in foreign markets. Obviously, in a foreign market that has not been exposed to the Krispy Kreme product, word of mouth will not play an initial, or important role in advertising. As a result, most analysts agree that the further that Krispy Kreme expands, the greater that their need for mass advertising will be. We will write a custom essay sample on Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

How to Write Free Samples of Critical Analysis Essay

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How to Improve the Quality of Your Psychology Article Reviews

How to Improve the Quality of Your Psychology Article ReviewsIf you are new to psychology article writing, you may be wondering what types of things you should include in an article review. That is a common question among writers who are just starting out, but it can also become a major hurdle if you don't know what to write. You can avoid this by taking a look at some basic guidelines that you should follow.An important thing to remember when writing an article review for psychology is that you will want to focus on the positives and negatives that the writer claims are good or bad about a particular subject. Of course, this is not as easy as it sounds since the writer may be passionate about their cause, but the reality is that they may have their reasons. This does not mean that you cannot take a moment to give them props for their opinions, but you should use a neutral tone.A good way to get the balance right is to give more attention to the positive aspects of the issue that you are reviewing and to put less focus on what could be considered negatives. However, it is also critical to note that you will need to pay close attention to where the writer is falling short in the psychology article. Even if they are making the best arguments for a particular argument, they may be missing a key point that you should have brought up. So, while you should pay attention to the positives and negatives of the different viewpoints on an issue, do not forget to go after the areas that you feel are lacking.In addition to focusing on the positives and negatives, it is also very important to keep your psychology article as informative as possible. After all, if you aren't able to get across the main points, no one will be able to fully benefit from the information that you have given. Remember that it is your job to make sure that you can get across to the reader all of the main points in the article, so if you are doing that, then there should be little left for them to do other than move on to the next thing.So, what can you do to improve the quality of the psychology article that you write? The first thing that you should consider is the amount of time that you spend looking up the information that you need. While you want to make sure that you are covering all of the bases, you want to make sure that you do not neglect the details that are most likely to be most important to the readers. It is often easier to get caught up in the whole idea than it is to find the details that you need to make it all work.The next step that you can take to ensure that your psychology article is as good as it can be is to focus on a few key things. If you are reviewing the 'affect', the key emotion of an issue, you should also be looking at the person's beliefs and attitudes. If you are reviewing the 'reasoning', then you should be looking at the logical elements that the writer uses to support their claims.As you can see, there are many different aspects to conside r when writing a psychology article review. These areas are not hard to find because these are the most important factors. A good psychology article can be greatly improved by focusing on the importance of each aspect. If you can ensure that you cover all of the bases, then you will find that your articles will be much better and more detailed than those that neglect the details.These two tips will be very helpful when you are trying to determine how to improve the quality of your psychology article. You should also make sure that you are careful to avoid getting bogged down in too much detail. The more research that you can find to support your points, the better off you will be.